Endogenous R&D and Intellectual Property Laws in Developed and Emerging Economies

The incentive of providing protection of intellectual property has been analyzed, both for an emerging economy as well as for a developed economy. The optimal patent length and the optimal patent breadth within a country are found to be positively related to each other for a fixed structure of laws abroad. Moreover, a country can respond to stronger patent protection abroad by weakening its patent protection under certain circumstances and by strengthening its patent protection under other circumstances. These results depend upon the curvature of the R&D production function. Finally, we investigate the impact of an increase in the willingness-to-pay in the emerging economy and find conditions under which there is an improvement in both patent length as well as patent breadth in the emerging economy.Patent Length, Patent Breadth, Productivity

Primer registro de Amana angulifera Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Epicopeiidae) en la India desde el siglo XIX

Amana angulifera Walker, 1855, a diurnal moth belonging to the family Epicopeiidae, was described from India based on a previously collected specimen. Though type locality was omitted in the original description, in the last decade of the 19th century, the habitat of the moth was mentioned to be Khasi Hills of the present Meghalaya state of India. It is also recorded from Yunnan in southern part of China. After a gap of more than a century, this paper reports the presence of the species again from India, this time in the Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh, bordering China, filling a sampling gap within its distribution range. Further study of the moth in this region is recommended to fill the sampling gaps and assess its life cycle, population trends, abundance, phenological responses and inter-specific interactions with plants so that conservation measures may be taken up accordingly.Amana angulifera Walker, 1855, polilla diurna perteneciente a la familia Epicopeiidae, fue descrita en la India a partir de un espécimen anterior, a mediados del siglo XIX. Aunque la localidad tipo se omitió en la descripción original, en la última década del siglo XIX, se estableció que el hábitat de la polilla se situaba en las colinas Khasi del actual estado indio de Meghalaya. No obstante, durante esta década también fue registrada en Yunnan, al sur de China. Tras un intervalo de más de un siglo sin registros en la India, este trabajo presenta evidencias de la existencia de esta polilla en el estado himalayo de Arunachal Pradesh, fronterizo con China, llenando así un vacío de muestreo de décadas en su área de distribución. A partir de este hallazgo, se están llevado a cabo estudios en esta región con el fin de evaluar el ciclo vital, tendencias poblacionales, abundancia, respuestas fenológicas e interacciones interespecíficas de esta polilla con las plantas, de modo que puedan tomarse las consecuentes medidas de conservación

A Clashing Viewpoint Concerning India: A Critique of Goldman Sachs 2007 Report

The centerpiece of the 2007 Report by Goldman Sachs is the prediction of India\u27s phenomenal economic growth and power in the next few decades. In this article we critique the conceptual validity of that prognosis. In particular, we highlight several hard and soft infrastructure impediments to India\u27s emergence as a major economic power

Bioefficacy of Bacillus subtilis against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in tomato

An investigation was conducted for the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood infesting tomato through the application of bio-control agent like Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Experiment result revealed that minimum no. of galls/25seedlings (17.50) and maximum seedling height (27.6cm) were observed in Bacillus subtilis @50g/m2 in nursery bed + B. subtilis @ 5kg along with 2.5 tons of FYM/ ha. The highest weight/25seedlings (69.50g) was noticed in the B. subtilis @50g/m2 in nursery bed + B. subtilis 2.5kg along with 2.5 tons of FYM/ha. The highest growth of the plant at 45 DAT (49.2cm) and at harvest (81.2cm) and maximum fresh (711.3g) and dry weight (265g) was found in B. subtilis @50g/m2 in nursery bed + B. subtilis 2.5kg along with 2.5 tons of FYM/ha. B. subtilis @50g/m2 in nursery bed + B. subtilis 2.5kg along with 2.5 tons of FYM/ha exhibited lowest gall index (1.2/plant) and highest reduction of nematode population and provided highest yield of tomato fruits (335.75q/ha)

Two cases of severe neonatal dengue fever during an outbreak in Kolkata city

Neonates with transplacentally acquired dengue infection often present with subtle features. We report two cases of severe neonatal dengue admitted during an outbreak in Kolkata. Both the mothers tested positive for dengue. Both neonates had thrombocytopenia, elevated liver aminotransferases, progressive pallor, and third space fluid loss. One neonate required inotropic support (dopamine infusion) to manage the shock while the other neonate had to be put on continuous positive airway pressure to manage the increasing respiratory distress. Both patients were successfully managed. Neonatal dengue is an important differential diagnosis of neonatal sepsis during an outbreak. Early diagnosis and appropriate fluid resuscitation can help in avoiding complications

Endogenous R&D and Intellectual Property Laws in Developed and Emerging Economies

The incentive of providing protection of intellectual property has been analyzed, both for an emerging economy as well as for a developed economy. The optimal patent length and the optimal patent breadth within a country are found to be positively related to each other for a fixed structure of laws abroad. Moreover, a country can respond to stronger patent protection abroad by weakening its patent protection under certain circumstances and by strengthening its patent protection under other circumstances. These results depend upon the curvature of the R&D production function. Finally, we investigate the impact of an increase in the willingness-to-pay in the emerging economy and find conditions under which there is an improvement in both patent length as well as patent breadth in the emerging economy

Endogenous R&D and Intellectual Property Laws in Developed and Emerging Economies

The incentive of providing protection of intellectual property has been analyzed, both for an emerging economy as well as for a developed economy. The optimal patent length and the optimal patent breadth within a country are found to be positively related to each other for a fixed structure of laws abroad. Moreover, a country can respond to stronger patent protection abroad by weakening its patent protection under certain circumstances and by strengthening its patent protection under other circumstances. These results depend upon the curvature of the R&D production function. Finally, we investigate the impact of an increase in the willingness-to-pay in the emerging economy and find conditions under which there is an improvement in both patent length as well as patent breadth in the emerging economy

A hybrid approach for transliterated word-level language identification: CRF with post processing heuristics

© {Owner/Author | ACM} {Year}. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in FIRE '14 Proceedings of the Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2824864.2824876[EN] In this paper, we describe a hybrid approach for word-level language (WLL) identification of Bangla words written in Roman script and mixed with English words as part of our participation in the shared task on transliterated search at Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE) in 2014. A CRF based machine learning model and post-processing heuristics are employed for the WLL identification task. In addition to language identification, two transliteration systems were built to transliterate detected Bangla words written in Roman script into native Bangla script. The system demonstrated an overall token level language identification accuracy of 0.905. The token level Bangla and English language identification F-scores are 0.899, 0.920 respectively. The two transliteration systems achieved accuracies of 0.062 and 0.037. The word-level language identification system presented in this paper resulted in the best scores across almost all metrics among all the participating systems for the Bangla-English language pair.We acknowledge the support of the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Government of India, through the project “CLIA System Phase II”. The research work of the last author was carried out in the framework of WIQ-EI IRSES (Grant No. 269180) within the FP 7 Marie Curie, DIANA-APPLICATIONS (TIN2012-38603-C02-01) projects and the VLC/CAMPUS Microcluster on Multimodal Interaction in Intelligent Systems.Banerjee, S.; Kuila, A.; Roy, A.; Naskar, SK.; Rosso, P.; Bandyopadhyay, S. (2014). A hybrid approach for transliterated word-level language identification: CRF with post processing heuristics. 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A Capacity Planning Process for Performance Assurance of Component-based Distributed Systems

For service providers of multi-tiered component-based appli-cations, such as web portals, assuring high performance and availability to their customers without impacting revenue requires effective and careful capacity planning that aims at minimizing the number of resources, and utilizing them ef-ficiently while simultaneously supporting a large customer base and meeting their service level agreements. This paper presents a novel, hybrid capacity planning process that re-sults from a systematic blending of 1) analytical modeling, where traditional modeling techniques are enhanced to over-come their limitations in providing accurate performance estimates; 2) profile-based techniques, which determine per-formance profiles of individual software components for use in resource allocation and balancing resource usage; and 3) allocation heuristics that determine minimum number of re-sources to allocate software components. Our results illustrate that using our technique, perfor-mance (i.e., bounded response time) can be assured while reducing operating costs by using 25 % less resources and in-creasing revenues by handling 20 % more clients compared to traditional approaches

Evaluation of novel platinum(II) based AIE compound-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer theranostic application

Advanced biomedical research has established that cancer is a multifactorial disorder which is highly heterogeneous in nature and responds differently to different treatment modalities, due to which constant monitoring of therapy response is becoming extremely important. To accomplish this, different theranostic formulations have been evaluated. However, most of them are found to suffer from several limitations extending from poor resolution, radiation damage, to high costs. In order to develop a better theranostic modality, we have designed and synthesized a novel platinum(II)-based 'aggregation induced emission' (AIE) molecule (named BMPP-Pt) which showed strong intra-cellular fluorescence and also simultaneously exhibited potent cytotoxic activity. Due to this dual functionality, we wanted to explore the possibility of using this compound as a single molecule based theranostic modality. This compound was characterized using elemental analysis, NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structure determination. BMPP-Pt was found to exhibit a high AIE property with emission maxima at 497 nm. For more efficient cancer cell targeting, BMPP-Pt was encapsulated into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Pt-MSNPs) and the MSNPs were further surface modified with an anti-EpCAM aptamer (Pt-MSNP-E). Pt-MSNPs exhibited higher intracellular fluorescence compared to free BMPP-Pt, though both of them induced a similar degree of cell death via the apoptosis pathway, possibly via cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Anti-EpCAM aptamer modification was found to increase both cytotoxicity and intracellular fluorescence compared to unmodified MSNPs. Our study showed that EpCAM functionalized BMPP-Pt loaded MSNPs can efficiently internalize and induce apoptosis of cancer cells as well as show strong intracellular fluorescence. This study provides clues towards the development of a potential single compound based theranostic modality in future